1 Introduction: culture and power during the long eighteenth century

In December 1774, seventeen-year-old Carl August, Prince of Saxe Weimar, met the celebrated young author Johann Wolfgang Goethe in a Frankfurt hotel room. The meeting was cordial, indeed the two men got along together so splendidly that, less than a year later, Goethe accepted the prince’s invitation to move to Weimar, where he would spend the rest of his long and incredibly productive life. I begin with this familiar scene – so beautifully rendered and analysed in Nicholas Boyle’s distinguished biography of the poet – because it neatly captures several of the motifs in the complex relationship between culture and power in the eighteenth century.1 First and most obvious is the persistent significance of the court, whose seductive blend of artistic possibilities and political influence led Goethe to disregard his father’s opposition and take up residence in Carl August’s small Thuringian state. Second, there is the new significance of public culture, reflected here in Goethe’s position as literary celebrity, which had caused a member of the prince’s entourage to seek out the author of The Sorrows of Young Werther and which would make Goethe such an attractive presence in Carl August’s entourage. Both prince and poet needed one another, both acquired prestige and a kind of power from the other’s presence. Court and public were not just alternative sites of cultural practice, they often worked together, each reinforcing the other. Just behind the surface of this meeting of poet and prince, court and public, we can see some of the difficulties involved in understanding the relationship between eighteenth-century culture and power. Consider, for example, how difficult it is to fit Goethe into any of the usual social categories – he remains aBürger among courtiers, a courtier among Bürger, a civil servant, a ‘favourite’ and, most of all, a citizen of the republic of letters. Goethe’s relationship to German nationalism is no